The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2012

     British researcher John Gurdon and Shinya Yamanaka of Japan won the 2012 Nobel Prize in medicine for discovering that mature, specialized cells of the body can be reprogrammed into stem cells – a discovery that scientists hope to turn into new treatments. Scientists want to harness the reprogramming to create replacement tissues for treating diseases like Parkinson’s and for studying the roots of diseases in the laboratory. The prize committee at Stockholm’s Karonlinska institute said the discovery has “revolutionized our understanding of how cells and organisms develop.” Gurdon showed in 1962 that the DNA from specialized cells of frogs, like skin or intestinal cells, could be used to generate new tadpoles. That showed the DNA still had its ability to drive the formation of all cells of the body. More than 40 years later, in 2006, Yamanaka showed that a surprisingly simple recipe could turn mature cells back into primitive cells, which in turn could be prodded into different kinds of mature cells. Basically, the primitive cells were the equivalent of embryonic stem cells, which had been embroiled in controversy because to get human embryonic cells, human embryos had to be destroyed. Yamanaka’s method provided a way to get such primitive cells without destroying embryos. “The discoveries of Gurdon and Yamanaka have shown that specialized cells can turn back the developmental clock under certain circumstances.” The committee said. “These discoveries have also provided new tools for scientists around the world and led to remarkable progress in many areas of medicine.” The medicine award was the first Nobel Prize to be announced this year.